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Traditional epidemic models, like the classical SIR, are fitted to real data using deterministic optimization techniques. As a consequence, their performances cannot be properly assessed and, more importantly, the estimates of the critical epidemic parameters (which are of dramatic importance in monitoring the epidemic evolution) cannot be complemented with the calculation of confidence intervals. The aim of the present work is to remove such limitations and to compare the results obtained using two stochastic versions of deterministic SIR models. We describe the two alternatives and the associated estimation procedures, and we apply the two methodologies to a set of COVID-19 data observed in Italy in the 2020 pandemic wave. Our estimates of the basic reproduction number are comparable with the official sources, but using our methods uncertainty can also be properly assessed.

This study aims to analyze the dynamic of front end development (discover, define and create/analysis and test phases) in the co-creation with multiple stakeholders taking into account the value creation and capture process in a strategic business, consulting project, adding knowledge sharing flows.

The first phase of the study consisted of a review of the narrative literature. The method chosen for analyzing the findings is the narrative synthesis, which sought to identify and show the complementarity between the areas studied. Then, a summary of the review presents a conceptual structure. At the third phase of the study consisted of a field survey characterized for being a descriptive-exploratory and qualitative investigation based on a single case study.

For the results, three phases of evolution in the relationships among stakeholders can be characterized, namely: formation, strengthening and integration. With regard to value capture, it is also possible to characterize three phases of simultaneous non-linear evolution: sharing of perceptions, ideas and experiences, self-reflection, and vision and solution. With regard to knowledge sharing, two important flows were characterized: solution development and socialization and communication, in which there is a greater relationship with the development of trust, commitment, tie strengthening and shared vision. And some insights from the perspective of integrating dynamic capabilities and front end with value co-creation with multiple stakeholders.

Practical and theorical results of the evolution of value co-creation on the front end phases dynamic.